Essay about Thomas Hobbes Concept of Natural Law

Thomas Hobbes’ concept of natural law is shown in his theory of the state of nature, the pre-state environment, and consists of two laws: individuals have to pursue a peaceful life, and are allowed to defend their existence by any means possible. This has particular ramifications in the formation of civil society, especially in terms of loyalty, morality and the relationship between man and the leviathan that is the state. Hobbes’ theory has two of flaws in particular – the logic in his theory of the state of nature, and the relationship he expects mankind to have with the state. Hobbes’ theory of natural law is based on the premise that individuals are atomistic, rational, self-centred, and in a perpetual state of conflict and†¦show more content†¦The only time one can withdraw consent from the state is when the state loses the capacity to defend its people, because the law of self-preservation takes precedence to the covenant (both natural laws take precedence over everything else in an individual’s life). It has been asserted that Hobbes’ idea that all men are at war and yet seek peace at the same time is contradictory . Hobbes’ idea of the way desires such as hope of escaping the state of nature and fear of one another impact the formation of civil society is incorrect, because he ignores the way these would more likely encourage a peaceful benevolence in the state of nature than a social contract for self-defence. The same causes he puts forward for war can also bring about peace , and Hobbes’ own theory of reason and the desire for peace would suggest that individuals in the state of nature would in fact establish benevolent relationships and friendships with one another, which would eventually culminate in a civil society. It would seem, then, that a joint effort in the pursuit of happiness and the common good will bring about the greatest happiness possible from the state of nature, because there is otherwise competition and selfishness which can guarantee ha ppiness for a short period at best. A possible argument to this is that the framework of such a pursuit is vulnerable to misconduct onShow MoreRelatedComparison of Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pages justice, laws, and rights guided the works of the 17th and 18th century philosophical writings of Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Through Thomas Hobbes world-renowned publication Leviathan and Rousseau’s discourses on basic political principals and concepts, each man validated their thoughts on human nature and what is required for a successful society within their respective government confines. The distinct differences between Hobbes and Rousseau’s opinions on the natural state of manRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Philosophies of John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Karl Marx843 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast the Philosophies of John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Karl Marx In the idea of human nature; origin of state, the nature of government, the rights of regulation can be drawn as the reflection of insightful philosophies of John Locke, Thomas Hobbes and Karl Marx. By understanding this within the context of human nature, we can see their ideas play to how they perceive a modern philosophy. Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto illustrates the desire to build a society without economicRead MoreSocial And Political Order : Seat Belt Laws1102 Words   |  5 PagesSocial and Political Order: Seat Belt Laws Social and Political theories aim to define the relationships between government and citizen, and concerns the organization and basis of government. (Merriam-Webster, n.d). In application, the necessity to find a balance between two primary theories becomes apparent. Modern day social and political theories can largely be attributed to ideas of two individuals, Thomas Hobbes and Jean Jacques Rousseau. Hobbes believed major government influence was a necessityRead MoreEssay on The Natural Ways of Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau1207 Words   |  5 Pagesother hand, there is not just one concept of human nature, but rather a plethora of concepts surrounding the idea. With the rise of capitalism, social structure is reformed; it is during this rise in the early seventeenth and eighteenth century, that John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau introduce their varying opinions surrounding man in nature. The western philosophers mainly concern themselves with the concept of the soci al contract. Rousseau, Hobbes, and Locke begin with the conceptionRead MoreThe Theory Of Property And Property Rights900 Words   |  4 PagesThe concept of property and property rights is a topic which many philosophers have struggled to describe. The renowned political theorists Thomas Hobbes and John Locke hold vastly different opinions in regard to the concept of property. In 1651, Hobbes outlined his views in his book, Leviathan, where he discusses societal structure and his social contract theory. Almost forty years later, Locke published his Second Treatise of Government, in which he described mankind’s state of nature, and naturalRead MoreThomas Hobbes and John Locke Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesHobbes and Locke John Locke and Thomas Hobbes were famous political Theorists among other things in their time. Hobbes who was born 40 years before Locke had a very different perspective to Locke and both will be examined more through this essay. Even though many of there theories were different in the sixteenth century Hobbes and Locke s theories became closer as the rise of the state and decline of the feudal system brought about the question of authority. Read MoreMachiavelli s On Human Nature1531 Words   |  7 Pages Niccolo Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes were two modern political theorists who presented new ideas about political organization in the 16th and 17th century. While Machiavelli focused his written works on ideas related to effective governance, Hobbes attempts to explain the necessity of establishing a ruler to maintain peace and stability. Although Niccolo Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes focused on different aspects of political theory, both thinkers addressed the concept of human nature in their writtenRead MoreThomas Hobbes State of Nature in Leviathan Essay847 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the view Thomas Hobbes presents within the selected passaged in the Leviathan, we live in a narcissistic society where man’s condition is primarily driven by ego and where the achievement of personal goals is deemed paramount. Within the State of Nature that is, outside of civil society we have a right to all things ‘even to one another’s body’, and there would be no agreed authority to ensure the moral grounds of our decisions. Therefore since there are no restrictions and no sharedRead MoreJohn Locke And The Civil War1177 Words   |  5 PagesSauter World History 15 December 2014 People over People John Adams once said, â€Å"Fear is the foundation of most governments.† Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Karl Marx all grew up in a time of war and witnessed the same events that caused them to create their idea of government. Hobbes learned that people are naturally wicked, Locke learned that people all had natural rights. Karl Marx thought that the social order did not matter. All of them concluded that their governmental plan was the mostRead MoreLegal Positivists : Legal Positivism896 Words   |  4 Pages Legal positivism offers a definition of laws as a written declaration made by government officials that have legal power to control certain aspects of society and human conduct (Himma, 2004). Legal positivist recognize all rules, regulations, principles and other forms of law that come from an authorized government body or official (Himma, 2004). But Legal positivist do not recognize laws, principles or any form of law or behavior modifier that does not come directly from an authorized government

The Negatives Of Genetic Engineering Free Essays

The term â€Å"genetic engineering† was first coined by Jack Williamson in is science fiction novel Dragon’s Island, published in 1 951 ,one year before Dona’s role in heredity was confirmed by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase, and two years before James Watson and Francis Crick showed that the DNA molecule has a double-helix structure, DNA stands for (desorbing cultic acid). For many years, there has been a controversy surrounding the morality of genetic modifying organisms. Some it’s unethical since it may lead to side effects such as mutation, others say it’s totally acceptable since it can make a stronger healthier and smarter organism. We will write a custom essay sample on The Negatives Of Genetic Engineering or any similar topic only for you Order Now I tryingly believe that genetic engineering should be banned for multiple reasons such as religion, morals, physical attributes and crossing species boundaries. In every country there is different religions and these religions have different views. One of these views are on genetic engineering, whether it is acceptable or not modifying genes. God created us human not perfect so why do we want to reach perfection when it is not a human trait. Other people who lack faith will tell you humans seek perfection it’s in their nature so it’s k modifying genes, but if we reached perfection what do we have to seek, we loud be perfect and lose our touch of humanity. Is genetic engineering ethical to do, children who are made with specific genes are produced for one specific reason and it is to help another person medically in other words they are made for being spare for the specific person. In my sister’s keeper a book about a girl who was a genetically modified to help her dying sister from cancer for 12 years she was used as a spare for her sister and when they wanted to take a kidney, she took matter in her own hands and sued her parents for emancipation. So it is not moral or right to bring a person just to be spare. Although other people will contradict and say that by doing so they are saving lives, but they don ;t think of the lives they are destroying . Gene modifying is not a 100% accurate, it has many mishaps one of the mishaps is a chronic disease which happened in 2001 at a reproductive facility in new jersey were thirty babies who are genetically modified and have genes of three different people, two women and a man some of these thirty children had turners syndrome and turners syndrome happens to one in very 2500 baby and in thirty babies it occurred more than twice is alarming. There people contradict that genetic modification has many benefits, like it increases polymorphism but what about mutations that occur in the children that born. Are they supposed to live with disabilities because some scientists wanted to play god. What about modifying genes to create a new species, are we ready to see a new type of species walking around with us, scientists are talking about a new kind of humans that have the outer look of humans and the abilities of animals, do we want a human tiger that may be aggressive and be a hazard to other n ormal humans? How to cite The Negatives Of Genetic Engineering, Papers

Review from a Public Health Perspective-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Update the global burden of disease due to cervical cancer using appropriate metrics. The data shown in the cases study is from 2002. 2.What is the gold standard cervical screening method in high resource settings? 3.What alternatives are there in low-resource settings? 4.How were these alternatives evaluated and what advantages are mentioned? 5.What were the requirements for the use of the new HPV-DNA test and how were these addressed? 6.List three conditions for the effective use of new cervical screening technologies. 7.List three challenges faced by the three initiatives described in this case study. 8.This case study was written in 2009. Provide an update for 2016. Answers: 1.According to the worldwide prevalence data for cervical cancer in 2012, it is the fourth most common cause of cancer in women. About 5, 28, 000 newly diagnosed cases of cervical cancer were found in the year 2012 and the high risk regions for cervical cancers included Eastern and Middle Africa. In that year, cervical cancer was responsible for 266, 000 deaths and it accounted to 7.5% death in female due to cancer. Another common trend that was seen from the data was that most of people diagnosed with cervical cancer came for lesser developed countries (Globocan.iarc.fr. 2012). In case of recent statistics on cervical cancer in Australia, in 2018, 1.5% new female cancer cases were diagnosed in 2018. It is regarded as the 14th most diagnosed cancer among females in Australia (canceraustralia.gov.au 2018). 2.Cervical cytololgy is the gold standard screening methods for screening of cervical cancer in all developed countries. It is also called Pap test or pap smear test. It is a fast and simple screening methods which involves taking cells from the cervix and sending the cell for laboratory testing. The main purpose of the cervical cytology is to examine presence of abnormal cells in smear. The method had significant impact on cervical cancer morbidity and mortality rate. However, currently more specific test called human papillomavirus (HPV) testing is also done due to the limitations of Pap smear. Pap smear is found to have low sensitivity, high false negatives rates and interobserver variability. Research study also revealed other limitations such as interobserver bias and chances of misinterpretation of results. It does not work in low resource setting too because of lack of infrastructure and highly trained personnel to examine the smear. For this reason, cytologic testing requires regular examination and follow up with patients too (Boone, Erickson and Huh 2012) 3.The alternative screening methods for cervical cancer in low resource setting includes HPV testing or visual inspection with acetic acid followed by cryotherapy. Visual inspection with acetic acid is the second option for screening when HPV testing is not available in a region. The HPV testing was identified as an alternative screening method when many barriers were found in cytology based screening low resources areas. For instance, in low resource regions like Pacific islands, people found it hard to travel to remote areas for screening. This region also lacked proper infrastructure for testing such as lack of high quality cytology system and pathology lab. Hence, screening for women with HPV testing with or without visual inspection with acetic acid was recommended by WHO. HPV testing has been found effective in reducing cervical cancer mortality and late-stage illness in studies done in India, Europe and Africa. The logistical barrier to the test can also be addressed by use of point-of-care HPV test (Elit, Ogilvie and Lee 2017). 4.Other alternatives like HPV testing has been evaluated by means of cost-effectiveness and ease of access parameters. Screening test sensitivity and population coverage were also evaluated before proposing it as an alternative option for screening in low resource setting. Primary prevention is now done with HPV testing because a trial showed that HPV was a more cost effective and sensitive method. It had sensitivity of 96%. Furthermore, combining it with other screening methods enhanced detection pre-invasive lesions. In terms of ease of testing and conducting the test, HPV was found to be a more objective and reproducible tool because it required less training for use among health care staffs. Cytology favored subjective interpretation of cervical cancer risk, however HPV offered the opportunity of automated and centralized testing. Hence, large specimen could be tested by HPV screening method (Boone, Erickson, and Huh, 2012). Therefore, HPV is most likely to emerge as a primary sc reening for cervical cancer followed by triage with other methods. 5.For implementing HPV DNA test as a screening method for cervical cancer screening, the new requirement was that the screening tools should have optimal balance between clinical sensitivity and detection of different types of lesions to minimize follow-up procedures. Hence, reliable performance of HPV testing was expected to consider it as a reliable screening method. The balance between true and false positive was achieved by changes in analytic sensitivity of the tool. Another emphasis was that HPV detection assay should comply with the clinical criteria of diagnosis. The summary of the requirement for the HPV testing assay are as follows: It should have a clinical sensitivity of about 90% It should have a clinical specificity of not less than 98% It should display intra-laboratory reproducibility (Meijer et al. 2009) Other logistic requirement for wide use of the test was done developing clinically validated and point of care HPV test. 6.Currently, the new technologies used for screening of cervical cancer include HPV diagnostics and HPV DNA testing. The three conditions that are necessary for the effectiveness of new cervical screening technologies include the following: Cost effectiveness condition based on cost of the HPV test per years and cost spent in triage methods It should be able to identify the precursor lesion that would help in curing the disease The tool should have high sensitivity and ability to rule out false positive outcome The utility condition was also important for the effectiveness of the tool (de Kok et al. 2012). 7.The three challenges faced by the initiatives described by the case study included the following: Challenges due to nature of partnership: In 2009, PATH developed a multi-pronged approach to solve the problem of poor screening programs in low resource setting. However, one of the challenges found in the initiatives were that it lacked consideration regarding factors needed to promote coordinated alliance. Although the main purpose was to improve service delivery system and implement effective prevention strategies, however this needed strong alliance. However, lack of attention to coordinated alliance was the reason for conflict of interest. Challenge related to developing technologically sound and cost effective tool: Another challenge found in implementing the initiative was the need to develop a business model that allows sale of two types of HPV tool. One for high resource setting and other for low resource setting. Challenges related to acceptance of alternative to Pap smear: Pap smear remained the gold standard tool for diagnosis. However, one challenge in the initiative to implement high quality screening program was the skeptical attitude of the medical community regarding the effectiveness of alternative options like HPV tool (Hronek 2009). 8.The case study discussed about comprehensive prevention approach implemented in 2009 like identifying sustainable alternatives to Pap and implementing various approach to improve the quality and cost effectiveness of cervical cancer screening for low resource setting. In 2016, comprehensive approach for improvement of cervical cancer has been implemented in low resource setting like Africa. The review of research and development in cervical cancer in Africa in 2016 has revealed large number of research done secondary prevention methods like screening. For example, now cancer prevention efforts include biomarkers for cervical cancer and establishing feasible approach to screen adult women in low resource setting. Some of the important factors that have been considered for feasibility of screening methods include accessibility, affordability, provider training and health care infrastructure. It has also been proposed to develop national registries to track new cased and identify new needs for prevention projects (Finocchario-Kessler et al. 2016). References: Boone, J.D., Erickson, B.K. and Huh, W.K., 2012. New insights into cervical cancer screening.Journal of gynecologic oncology,23(4), pp.282-287. canceraustralia.gov.au 2018.Cervical cancer statistics | Cervical cancer. Cervical-cancer.canceraustralia.gov.au. Retrieved 16 February 2018, from https://cervical-cancer.canceraustralia.gov.au/statistics Cost?effectiveness of cervical cancer screening: cytology versus human papillomavirus DNA testing.BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics Gynaecology,119(6), pp.699-709. de Kok, I.M., van Rosmalen, J., Dillner, J., Arbyn, M., Sasieni, P., Iftner, T. and van Ballegooijen, M., 2012. Primary screening for human papillomavirus compared with cytology screening for cervical cancer in European settings: cost effectiveness analysis based on a Dutch microsimulation model.Bmj,344, p.e670. Elit, L., Ogilvie, G. and Lee, M., 2017. Cervical Cancer Screening in Low-Resource Settings.Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada,39(12), pp.1183-1184. Finocchario-Kessler, S., Wexler, C., Maloba, M., Mabachi, N., Ndikum-Moffor, F. and Bukusi, E., 2016. Cervical cancer prevention and treatment research in Africa: a systematic review from a public health perspective.BMC women's health,16(1), p.29. Hronek, J., 2009. Case studies for Global health: building relationship. Sharing knowledge.Case studies for Global health: building relationship. Sharing knowledge. Globocan.iarc.fr. 2012. GLOBOCAN Cancer Fact Sheets: Cervical cancer. Retrieved 16 February 2018, from https://globocan.iarc.fr/old/FactSheets/cancers/cervix-new.asp Meijer, C.J., Berkhof, J., Castle, P.E., Hesselink, A.T., Franco, E.L., Ronco, G., Arbyn, M., Bosch, F.X., Cuzick, J., Dillner, J. and Heideman, D.A., 2009. Guidelines for human papillomavirus DNA test requirements for primary cervical cancer screening in women 30 years and older.International journal of cancer,124(3), pp.516-520.

The First Industry Revolution A Description of Impacts

History scholars acknowledge the first industrial revolution began in Great Britain in the second half of the eighteenth century (1760) and lasted to some time between 1820 and 1840, bringing immense transformation of the economy by shifting production from hand-manufacturing into mechanized manufacturing (Musson Robinson, 1969).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The First Industry Revolution: A Description of Impacts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This transformation dramatically changed every aspect of human life and led to new social, economic and political ideologies. The present paper describes the societal, political, geographic and economic impacts of the first industrial revolution. It is important to note that the description will sample some work and lives of key members of the Lunar Society, a provincial scientific society, because the society occupies an exceptional place in the history of the indust rial revolution as its members were involved in actively creating an intersection between pure science and advancing technology to spur and sustain the revolution (Musson Robinson, 1969). On the social front, it can be argued that the first industrial revolution not only triggered rapid urbanization, harsh labour conditions, child labour and industrial pollution which threatened both human health and the natural world, but the working class became increasingly alienated due to city life, crime levels soared, and the social fabric that used to hold people together in the rural areas nearly melted down (Musson Robinson, 1969). But these are only the negatives. It can be argued that the scientific work of Lunar Society members Samuel Galton, Jr. (ornithology and optics) Jonathan Stokes (physician and botanist) and James Keir (chemist, geologist, chemical manufacturer) brought about processes that gave rise to comprehensive increases in production capability and would affect all socie tal needs, including food production, medicine, and clothing (Schofield, 1957). The political front was impacted through: colonization of Asia and Africa by Great Britain to look for raw materials to feed the mounting industries; division of the world into two categories – the developed and the underdeveloped world; Europeanization of other countries as Europeans went across oceans to settle in foreign countries; enactment of several reform laws and Acts, including the enactment of Factory Laws in Great Britain to guarantee the health and safety of workers, and; the development of strong trade union movements to represent the needs and concerns of workers (Yavuz n.d.). Lunar Society member Thomas Day (politics and metaphysics) was influential in charting the political course of Great Britain immediately after the initiation of the industrial revolution (Schofield, 1957).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The geographic impacts are best illuminated by the rapid population explosion immediately after the initiation of the industrial revolution, which saw an overuse of scarce natural and man-made resources (e.g., land, energy, forests etc) and increased environmental pollution due to numerous waste by-products arising from the factories (Musson Robinson, 1969). These consequences are still felt today in erratic rainfall patterns, global warming, pollution-initiated respiratory diseases, and uncollected industrial garbage (Yavuz, n.d.). Extant literature demonstrates that Irish landowner and inventor Richard Lovell Edgeworth, who was a member of the Lunar Society (Schofield, 1957), demonstrated to his tenants industrious habits that could be used to optimally utilize available resources without degrading the environment (Koditschek, 2011). Lastly, on the economic front, Lunar Society members Mathew Boulton and James Watt contributed immensely towards the product ion of steam engines that were critical in transforming Britain into the world’s premier economy dominated by mechanized production and transportation (Schofield, 1957). Another Lunar member Josiah Wedgwood was influential in initiating the ceramics factories that not only employed a huge number of people, ensuring they had money to spend, but also opened overseas markets. Overall, the industrial revolution increased the production capacity for goods and services due to mechanization, created jobs for workers and assisted them to live better lives (Musson Robinson, 1969). References Koditschek, T (2011). Liberalism, imperialism, and the historical imagination: Ninetieth-century visions of a greater Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Musson, A.E., Robinson, E. (1969). Science and technology in the industrial revolution. Manchester: Butler Tanner Ltd. Schofield, R.E. (1957). The industrial orientation of science. ISIS, 48(4), 408-415. Web.Advertising We wil l write a custom essay sample on The First Industry Revolution: A Description of Impacts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Yavuz, E. (n.d.). The industrial revolution and consequences. Web. This essay on The First Industry Revolution: A Description of Impacts was written and submitted by user Jayce Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Reference re Secession of Quebec

Reference re Secession of Quebec Free Online Research Papers The facts of this case are: Quebec never signed the Canadian Constitution. In the early 80s, the Parti Quà ©bà ©cois won the majority vote of the Quebec Provincial Election. The party then held a referendum, asking Quebec’s citizens if they should ask for a mandate, and negotiate sovereignty for Quebec. The referendum resulted in a 60 40 defeat. The party was re-elected the next year, promising not to hold another referendum. The next year, the Canada Act was passed. Quebec’s Premier, Renà © Là ©vesque refused to sign it. The federal government tried to negotiate a compromise, the case of this being the Meech Lake Accord. During this, the government negotiated five modifications to the Canadian Constitution, but with opposition from other provinces, the Accord was defeated. In ‘94, Parti Quà ©bà ©cois was again, re-elected, and announced a second referendum. The question was of sovereignty and an optional partnership with Canada. The referendum was , again defeated by a minuscule margin. Quebec then adopted a bill which laid out Quebec’s plan if a future referendum were to succeed. The federal government, who was opposed to Quebec’s sovereignty were frightened by the referendum’s voting numbers. The opposed questioned the legality of the secession. Parti Quà ©bà ©cois leader, Lucien Bouchard announced a third referendum, confident of the â€Å"winning conditions† . In reaction to this statement, Prime Minster Chrà ©tien initiated a reference to answer the legality of secession from Canada. The issues of this case were: Can Quebec leave Canada, if it were to win the secession? Does international law give Quebec the right to effects it’s secession of Canada unilaterally? In the event of a conflict between domestic and international law, on the right of Quebec to effect the secession of Quebec from Canada unilaterally, which would take precedence in Canada? The government â€Å"won† the case, as it was defined that Quebec trying for unilateral secession wasn’t legal, but if a majority agreed, terms for the secession would be negotiated, and that international law wasn’t applicable to Quebec’s situation. A major point the judges established was, the democratic vote, by however strong a majority, would have no legal effect on its own and could not push aside the principles of federalism and the rule of law, the rights of individuals and minorities, or the operation of democracy in the other provinces or in Canada as a whole. This could be used as a precedent for other states/provinces who wish for sovereignty. The logic the judges used to arrive at the outcome is by identifying the four fundamental tenets of the constitution: democracy, constitutionalism and the rule of law, federalism, and the protection of minorities. They held that all must interact as a part of the constitution, and can’t be viewed independently. For international law, the court stated that the right to secede was only meant for people under a colonial rule or foreign occupation . Otherwise, as long as people have the right of self-determination within an existing nation, there is no right to secede unilaterally. With the conflict between international and domestic law, the courts saw nothing conflicting between canadian law, and international law (neither of which allow Quebec to secede). The judges considered it unnecessary to answer the question. Research Papers on Reference re Secession of QuebecQuebec and CanadaBringing Democracy to AfricaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 219 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationDefinition of Export QuotasUnreasonable Searches and Seizures

How to Get Copies of Your Past Income Tax Returns

How to Get Copies of Your Past Income Tax Returns You can get either exact copies or brief â€Å"transcript† of your past U.S. federal tax returns from the IRS. Typically, you can request copies or transcripts of Tax Forms 1040, 1040A, and 1040EZ for up to 6 years after they were filed (after which they are destroyed by law). Copies of other types of tax forms may be available for longer than 6 years. Exact Copies - $50 Each You can request an exact copy of a past tax return by using IRS Tax Form 4506 (Request for Copy of Tax Return). Note that you can only order 1 type of tax return per request form, which means you must submit separate Forms 4506 if you need different types of returns. Make sure your full payment (of $50 per copy) is included with your request. Also keep in mind that it may take the IRS up to 75 days to process your request.Copies of jointly filed tax returns may be requested by either spouse and only one signature is required. Allow 60 calendar days to receive your copies. Transcripts of Tax Returns No Charge For many purposes, you can meet the requirements for past tax returns with a â€Å"transcript† – a computer print-out of the information on your old tax return – rather than an exact copy. A transcript may be an acceptable substitute for an exact copy of a return by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services and lending agencies for student loans and mortgages.A tax return transcript will show most line items contained on the return as it was originally filed. If you need a statement of your tax account which shows changes that you or the IRS made after the original return was filed, however, you must request a tax account transcript. Both transcripts are generally available for the current and past three years and are provided free of charge. The period in which you will receive the transcript varies from within ten to thirty business days from the time the IRS receives your request for the tax return or tax account transcript.You can obtain a free t ranscript by calling the IRS at toll-free 800-829-1040 and following the prompts in the recorded message. You can also obtain a free transcript by completing IRS Form 4506-T (PDF), Request for Transcript of Tax Return, and mailing it to the address listed in the instructions. Why Would You Need Old Tax Returns? Why do thousands of taxpayers request copies of past returns every year? According to the IRS, there are lots of reasons, including: You Miscalculated: Something as simple as a minor math mistake on a tax form can leave you needing to resolve an issue with the IRS. Typically, you will need to re-file the return to resolve the problem.You Lost the Old Ones: Lots of taxpayers like or need to keep detailed tax records.You Need Proof: Many financial chores, like applying for a loan require proof of your past tax records.You Forgot Some Documents: The IRS might require you to recalculate your taxes is you forgot to attach certain documents. For example, you might need documents proving your deductions or a copy of a W2 form.You Are Filing for Bankruptcy: Let’s hope you never do, but if you are filing for bankruptcy you’ll need copies of your past tax returns. Being able to provide the bankruptcy court with a complete financial history is a top priority in the process. Note for Taxpayers Trying to Get or Modify a Home Loan To help taxpayers trying to obtain, modify or refinance a home mortgage, the IRS has created IRS Form 4506T-EZ, Short Form Request for Individual Tax Return Transcript. Transcripts ordered using Form 4506T may also be mailed to a third party, such as a mortgage institution  if specified on the form. You must sign and date the form giving your consent for the disclosure. Businesses, partnerships or individuals who need transcript information from other forms, such as Form W-2 or Form 1099, can use Form 4506-T (PDF), Request for Transcript of Tax Return, to obtain the information. These transcripts may also be mailed to a third party if there is consent for the disclosure. Note for Taxpayers Impacted by Federally Declared Disasters For taxpayer impacted by a federally declared disaster, the IRS will waive the usual fees and expedite requests for copies of tax returns for people who need them to apply for benefits or to file amended returns claiming disaster-related losses. For additional information, refer to IRS Tax Topic 107, Tax Relief Disaster Situations, or call the IRS Disaster Assistance Hotline at 866-562-5227.

Impact Of 14-19 Reform on SEN Students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Impact Of 14-19 Reform on SEN Students - Essay Example As the report stresses in the last four years, there have been significant changes. It has become a normal part of life in schools in this country that some young people are studying and achieving recognised qualifications in vocational subjects before 16. New GCSEs in vocational subjects have been launched and the first group of young people have just succeeded in obtaining their qualifications. The Increased Flexibility Programme has given around 90,000 young people the opportunity to spend some time learning subjects in colleges which cannot easily be offered in schools. And from September 2004, for the first time, 14 year olds are pursuing Young Apprenticeships, giving them the chance to combine school studies with learning alongside skilled workers. Work-related learning is now a statutore requirement and the entitlement to enterprise education will be in place by September 2005. This discussion explores that in some parts of the country, designated as 14-19 pathfinder areas, the process has gone even further. Schools and colleges have worked with local authorities and the Learning and Skills Council (LSC) to offer young people a range of options which goes beyond what any one institution can provide and which is succeeding in attracting many more young people to learning. In other places, new sixth forms and colleges are being opened, boosting participation and choice.

Imbalance and maldistribution of physicians Essay

Imbalance and maldistribution of physicians - Essay Example The Bureau of Health Professions (1992) proffered that â€Å"the relative shortage of physicians in rural areas of the United States is 1 of the few constants in any description of the US medical care system. About 20% of the US population—more than 50 million people—live in rural areas, but only 9% of the nations physicians practice in rural communities†. The relevant findings of the study by Rosenblatt & Hart indicated that factors such as specialty choice, gender, and managed care influence the prevalence of physicians in rural areas. As stipulated, the more specialized the physicians are, the more likely that they will settle in urban areas. Likewise, the increase in the number of women in the medical profession reveals preferences of practicing in urban areas than in rural areas. Finally, the effect of managed care to physician imbalance and maldistribution is clearly explained by Rosenblatt & Hart (2000, 1), to wit: â€Å"managed care is a 2-edged sword, both with regard to geographic maldistribution and rural medical underservice. Managed care networks have the potential to provide organizational vehicles for hiring and deploying physicians in areas that could not support independent physicians on their own†. With the disparity, the health care industry must seek ways and means to address this dilemma to enable all Ameri cans to avail of professional health care services on an equal

Ggr252 Notes Essay Example for Free

Ggr252 Notes Essay To gain a better understanding of the retail and commercial activity in the Toronto area, two different types of retail will be evaluated in the following report. The character, market orientation and location of a retail space all play crucial role in contributing to the success of the business. All three aspects of the retail spheres will be carefully assessed in order to make direct comparisons between the two types of retail businesses. The two retail systems that will be contrasted includes the ancillary retail system in downtown Toronto and the Retail Strip on Spadina, south of Baldwin. Part A – Ancillary Retail (First Canadian Place) The ancillary retail system in downtown Toronto is one of the most unique retail systems in the world. It is an underground shopping center that connects all the major banks and towers in the core of the city. The specific area that we investigate is called â€Å"First Canadian Place† and it is located on King Bay St. This geographic region is one of the most densely engaged regions in all of Canada and this is because of the large skyscrapers that are located on top of this retail center. Its primary customers are upper-middle class workers that are working in the surrounding banks and institutions. Most of the consumers are not wearing jackets and this suggests that they were able to access this center without going outdoors. This is a significant advantage because people are more willing to go to areas that are easily accessible. The retail center is easily accessible by many different types of transportation. There are two subway stations that are located within this area and there are also buses on the street level. As well, it is very accessible by foot because the retail center is connected to many other different shopping centers in the core of Toronto. There are many different types of stores in this retail center but they are all focused on â€Å"white collars†. Most of the customers are workers in large firms and they want quick access to different types of stores. This is why there is a large amount of fast-food/food court stores that allow workers to have their lunch quickly and efficiently. The busiest time of the day for this retail center is during lunch hour and rush hours because it is very convenient for all the workers to access this center. A 15 minute pedestrian count during lunch hours (around 1:30pm) indicated that approximately 1993 people access this ancillary retail system. This system  is in private property because it is under many large skyscrapers which are owned by private firms. This system is not very easy to navigate because of the complex connections of different shopping centers. Part B – Spadina, South of Baldwin (China Town) The retail strip on Spadina, south of Baldwin (known as China Town) is a completely different type of retail center. This retail is located outside and it is very easy to navigate since the arrangement of the retail stores is not complex. The streetcar track on Spadina helps people to identify the directions more easily (North ↔ South). This area is accessible by public transportation as a result of the frequent availability of streetcars and subway. There are also parking spots on either side of the road that can accommodate for cars. The area surrounding this retail strip consists of schools, university, and small houses. There are a wide variety of stores within the retail strip, offering customers many selections to choose from. Most of the retail spaces consist of restaurants, fashion and accessories stores, and family health services. However, there are also other services being offered, such as banking services, furthermore, there are meat shop and supermarket. This retail space is considered to be public as the entire business strip is not managed or controlled as a whole by any rules and regulations. And most evidently, the retail strip itself is located on a public street. It is possible that the city planners may have designed the street and the retail area to accommodate for the needs of the surrounding residential area. However, the actual stores and their specific styles and characteristics that each retail business offers are mainly unplanned (there might be some planned aspects). In the pedestrian count that was conducted during lunch time (around 1:30pm), a total of 327 pedestrians were counted during the 15-minute count. Chinatown is geared toward the market segment of low to mid-income individuals. Thus, most of the pedestrians are dressed in casual wear and jackets (Note: stores are located outside – winter period). The majority of consumers in this retail strip are Asians who speak Cantonese or mandarin and large portion of them are seniors. Part C – Compare and Contrast After careful analysis of the above two retail spaces, many similarities and differences can be drawn. First and foremost, both business entities consist of multiple retail stores that offer a vast variety of goods and services. This allows customers to have and opportunity to be exposed to a great selection of goods and services, and also creates convenience for the shoppers. In considering the physical location and layout of the two retail spaces, it is evident that both are located where a large amount of traffic can be found. People arrive at these areas by cars, transit (streetcars in China Town/buses in First Canadian Place, subway, cars for both), and walk, etc. This brings more customers to the businesses, and also helps accommodate for large amounts of traffic, which may be created as a result of it. Therefore, in terms of accessibility, both locations are very convenient to customers everywhere because of public access. The Ancillary Retail System is located in one of the most important commercial centers in Canada. There is a large population working above this system and this allows the system to have many customers during the weekdays. The disadvantage is that workers do not work during weekends would cause the system to have less customers, or the stores in the system might not be even opened during the weekends. The major disadvantage to the retail strip is that since the strip is located outdoors, many people would not be willing to shop outdoors in the cold winter. It is possible that the number of customers in the summer would be greater than the numbers in the winter, but it is more likely that customers would prefer the PATH since the system would have the air conditioning turned on in the summer. In both of the retail areas, we can see their different layouts. In First Canadian Place, most of the food services are centralized in the food court, whereas in the retail strip there are no spe cific patterns or layouts. This might be because it is a public space and the retail center is unplanned. The two different types of retail vary in their composition. The PATH system has more chaining retails than those in the retail strip. The stores’ degree of speciality in the strip is higher, this is because the stores are independent and owned by individuals that has the freedom to decorate the store and sell as they wish, without rules and regulations. Through the evidence from my observations, I believe that the retail strip  is less managed than the Ancillary System, because of the nature of the area. The retail strip is located on a public road, the city planners at most are doing their jobs setting out this area as retail but not as much as planning each store and how many stores of different types for this strip to be successful. The Ancillary Retail though, is a planned center, the land is owned as private property, and therefore, the stores run under rules and regulations. Before the stores can open in this planned center, marketing would have been done to see if th e center can accommodate another such shop in there. I believe that everything that goes in the PATH is carefully monitored and managed by a department under its private owner. Although own is private and one is public, one is planned and one is unplanned, despite these differences, they also have many similarities that kept them both running; their styles and selections attract different kinds of customers. The different specialty stores on the retail strip would attract customers that are looking for uniqueness and those that are looking for Oriental-style cuisines, and the stores in the Ancillary Retail would provide customer with convenience to their everyday needs and quick services such as the fast food services to customers who work nearby. Overall, these two different retail areas have their own qualities that attract customers, and everyday there are changes in the market and changes are made in those types of retail everywhere to suit out changing needs.

The Self-Actualized Media Mind Essay -- Essays Papers

The Self-Actualized Media Mind "A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write,if he is to be at peace with himself. What a man can be, he must be.This is the need we may call self-actualization ... It refers to man'sdesire for fulfillment, namely the tendency for him to become actually what he is potentially: to become everything that oneis capable of becoming ..." -Abraham Maslow Abraham Maslow, the famous humanist psychologist, believed in the theory of self-actualization. He was convinced that humans are capable of achieving high levels of intellectual and emotional existence, and he believed in human potential. In his definition and discussions of self-actualization, Maslow made it clear what characteristics and traits self-actualized individuals possess. However, he failed to provide much commentary about how the environment and activities of an individual might affect that person and their progress toward self-actualization. Maslow's basic attitude towards social influence was fundamentally negative. Generally he believed that the social environment inhibits rather than facilitates self-actualization by frustrating the lower needs, encouraging defensiveness, or masking the real self with an idealized false self. However, Maslow never went further than to express an opinion on the subject, and left no sound research to support his thoughts. In response to this, questions arise such as whether or not individuals are born with a natural pre-disposition for self-actualization traits. To what extent does the environment (such as parenting, education, and living conditions) have to do with a person’s potential for reaching this highest level of psychological being? Is there a way to consider wheth... ...ipod.com/thesis/html. Huesmann, L., Moise-Titus, J., Podolski, C., & Eron, L. (2003). Longitudinal Relations Between Children’s Exposure to TV Violence and Their Aggressive and Violent Behavior in Young Adulthood: 1977 – 1992. Developmental Psychology, 39, 201-221. Kasser, T. (2002). The High Price of Materialism. Cambridge: The MIT Press Kassow, D. (2002). Developmental patterns of young girls’ body image and their relationships to television viewing. (Doctoral disseratiation. State University of New York at Albany, 2002) UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations AAT 3053055. Kleiber, D. (1999). A Dialectical Interpretation: Leisure & Experience and Human Experience. York: Basic Books. Maslow, A.H. (1943). Preface to motivation theory. Psychosomatic Medicine, 5, 85-92. Maslow, A. (1971). The Farther Reaches of Human Nature. New York: The Viking Press.

Bullying: Relational Aggression and Boys

Bullying 1. Why do you think that bullying is an issue to study in Lifespan Development? I believe that bullying should be studies in Lifespan Development because Bullying is a multifaceted form of mistreatment, seen in schools and the workplace. It is characterized by the repeated exposure of one person to physical and emotional aggression like teasing, name calling, mockery, threats, harassment, taunting, hazing, social exclusion or rumours. Lifespan Development is the exploration of the biological, cognitive, and psychosocial changes that occur across different periods of life. So I believe the two go hand in hand. 2. Describe the three components or types of bullying behavior, as observed by researchers. The three important components of bullying : 1. Bullying is aggressive behavior that involves unwanted, negative actions. 2. Bullying involves a pattern of behavior repeated over time. 3. Bullying involves an imbalance of power or strength. 3. Explain how gender influences the styles of bullying. In contrast to girls, boys of any age and ethnic group tend to be physically aggressive (e. g. , hit, kick, slap, push, or punch) . Also, research shows that physical abuse tends to occur more often among boys than girls at all educational levels (e. g. , elementary, high school, college). Also, male college students tend to bully and be bullied through physical and verbal forms of bullying (e. g. , name-calling) more often than college girls. Also, boys may be more accepting of bullying, than are girls. That is, boys may like a girl even if she bullies others. In contrast, girls may still befriend boys that bully, but tend to dislike girls that bully. At the core of these differences is children’s and, indeed, societal beliefs about acceptable behaviors for boys and girls. Many people may see bullying among boys as â€Å"just boys being boys. † So, girls may accept this attitude and tolerate boys’ bullying. However, girls may be less accepting of girls who bully if it is seen as overly aggressive. Girls tend to bully other girls through the peer group. Rather than bully a targeted child directly, girls more often share with other girls (and boys) hurtful information about the targeted child. For example, a girl may tell a group of girls an embarrassing story about another girl. They may create mean names, gossip, and come up with ways of letting the girl know that she is rejected from the peer group (for example, saying mean things about her on Facebook, using her email address to send harassing messages to everyone on her email list, texting her a death threat). These are called â€Å"relational† bullying because they attack relationships and friendships. Another example of bullying experienced more often by girls than boys is sexual (e. g. , touched in private body parts or received sexual messages). Sexual types of bullying may occur at school, in the general community, and on-line. In recent Canadian and U. S. surveys, a significant number of girls report receiving unwanted sexual messages. Fewer boys reported being targeted. This form of bullying combined with messages about rejection from friendships is just as hurtful as being physically attacked, maybe even more hurtful. Rejecting messages can devastate a girl’s sense of enthusiasm for school and learning, self-esteem, and hopes for the future. These forms of bullying can be particularly time-consuming and difficult to resolve given that they involve many people over a period of time. It may even involve adults who react aggressively in defence of their children. In addition, parents and school authorities do not always detect gossiping or other covert bullying behaviors because it’s generally hidden from adults. Thus, they may not be disciplined and â€Å"caught†, which may increase the severity and duration of these behaviours. It may even occur among â€Å"friends†, making it seem that it’s just usual peer conflict. However, when one girl feels powerless in how she is being treated, then bullying is occurring, and adults need to intervene. Reference: http://www. education. com/reference/article/Ref_Bullying_Differences Children at Play 1. What kinds of skills are developed through play? 2. Why do children play? 3. List two kinds of gender preferences in play.

Wind Technology Case Study

Situation: Company 1. New company (10 years), small compared to competitors 2. Cash flow problems 3. Produces wind-profiling radar systems for weather forecasting and wind detection 4. 9-12 months to improve cash flow Strengths 1. Adherence to specifications and quality production 2. Technical expertise provides full system integration—customers can order either basic components or a full system 3. Meteorologists and atmospheric scientists provide the customer with sophisticated support 4. All resources had been devoted to wind-profiling 5. Government contracts—account for 90 percent of sales Weaknesses . Poor cash flow 2. Lack of a well-developed marketing department 3. No salespersons—management and engineers call customers 4. No production capabilities to compete in high-volume, low-voltage segment 5. No resources and technical expertise to compete in high-output segment Opportunities 1. Wind Technology develops almost all of its major component parts and soft ware, versus competitors who depends on a variety of manufacturers. 2. HOWEVER, the development of the power supply has been problematic, SO Wind Technology needs to develop power supply instead of purchasing an HVPS from outside supplier 3.HVPS has greatest potential for commercial success Threats 1. Vaitra is unwilling to place additional money into Wind Technology 2. 9-12 months to implement new strategy and improve cash flow Product Sell component parts, specifically the high-voltage power supply (HVPS) 1. Small, with low level of output (less than 3kV) a. Communications 2. Medium (between 3 and 10 kV) b. Radars and lasers 3. Large (greater than 10 kV) c. High-powered X rays and plasma-etching systems Market Total market potential is estimated at $237 millionWind Technology’s estimated market share is 0. 5 percent, or $1. 185 million Finances Margin: 30 percent (production=70 percent of selling price) or $355,500 Variable/Fixed Costs: Unknown Promotion Budget: 10 percent or $118,500 Contribution Margin: $237,000 Competition Unysis—the only key player in the wind profiling market Customers Research labs, large end-users, OEMs, and distributers Government: Research, NASA, state colleges, Department of Defense Problem: The market for wind profiling radar systems has been developing at a much lower rate than anticipated. Options: 1.Enter HVPS market, or ride out the two years (cutting costs) that the company had estimated it would take until the wind-profiling market achieved high growth levels? 2. If entering HVPS market, establish target segment 3. If entering HVPS market, develop a marketing and promotion plan Scenario 1: Enter HVPS market 1. The product provides a differential advantage, superior quality, is innovative, reliable, customizable, and technologically advanced 2. Provides an additional +/- $237,000 in contribution margin per every 0. 5 percent of market share is achieved. 3.HVPS could be produced with very little added fixed costs & production would cost 70 percent of selling price. Scenario 2: Do not enter HVPS market 1. Young company in a mature industry 2. Severe cash flow problems make it difficult to produce, market, and hold inventory 3. Development of power supply will remain a problem 4. Difficult to cut costs when Wind Technologies already does not have a sales force or marketing department 5. Realistically only have 9-12 months before the company goes under Establishing target segment—Recommendations: 1. Microwave—highest market growth and strength 2.Radar—2nd highest growth and attractiveness, 3rd highest market share and strength 3. Semiconductors—highest attractiveness, 2nd highest market share Promotion Plan: 1. Collateral Material a. 5,000 pieces * $5. 50 each = $27,500 2. Public Relations b. Cost to write and mail to editors = $500 c. Are there hidden costs, such as publishing? d. How many people actually subscribe to wind technology trade magazines (Exhibit 3 = 35 0,538 in circulation) e. Of the 350,000 in circulation, if 1% of subscribers actually read the PR= 3,500 reached 3. Direct Mail f. More effective than PR, because recipients have the material in heir hands versus skipping over the page in a magazine. g. Buying list of prospects = $5,000 h. Are there lists available online? (Perhaps today, but not in 1991 at the time of the case) i. $7,500 per 1,500 mailed j. @ 3,000 mailed (universities, government) = $20,000 cost 4. Trade Shows k. $50,000 in costs + $50,000 for 5 staff members to attend l. Reach has to be significantly less than PR and direct mail because of geographical constraints—limited to the number of interested people near trade show—maybe 1,000-2,000 people attend trade show, and only 25% stop and look at your product m.Benefit—Get to see physical product and talk to experts n. Benefit—People who attend the trade show are probably looking to purchase (50% are hobbyists, 25% looking to buy, 25% no t interested at all—tag alongs) i. 250 people see your product, +/- 50 are interested o. Potential to cut costs—why does it cost $10,000 per person to attend? Send current employees for +/- $3,500 per person (airfare, hotel, food). 5. Trade Journals p. Design News presents the best value, at just $0. 05 per page in circulation, it has a reach of 170,033 readers at a cost of $8,120 6. Personal Selling q.Telemarketing ii. Salary for employee would be $50,000 iii. 90 calls per day * 250 days = 22,500 per year, assume 75% are hang-ups = 5,625 actually talk on the phone, 5% are interested = approximately 250 r. Field Sales iv. Would provide most incremental revenue v. Most costly vi. $80,000 vii. However, this person can serve dual roles, also attending trade shows, responding to customer service issues, etc. Final Recommendation: Kevin, from Wind Technology, acknowledges that it would be risky to proceed with the HVPS spin-off, but not doing something to improve the firmâ €™s cash flow was equally risky.Therefore, I would support neither decision, but instead go to the root of the problem which is Vaitra’s decision to cut funding for Wind Technology. Kevin needs to go to the management at Vaitra and ask for money to continue sustaining the business for another two years. At that point, the industry is expected to mature and the high growth levels that they anticipate may be achieved. In the meantime, it is not worth it to restructure the business, and implement costly promotion strategies that may not even be effective during the two years which they are most needed.However, in two years, when Wind Technologies anticipates a more secure cash position, they can begin specializing in the HPVS, hiring personal sellers, and attending trade shows. Then, perhaps they can also pursue more than just 0. 5 percent of the market. That is, however, if they even need to do so; it is possible that they will succeed with their current products. It would be best to have ample resources and do everything to the best of their abilities when the time is right, versus emptying their pockets just to get by in the industry, and abandoning their current strategy which could be successful in the very near future.

Castillo Surname and Family History

Castillo Surname and Family History The Castillo surname often denoted someone who lived at or near a large fortified building or a worker in a castle, derived from castillo (Latin castellum), meaning castle. It may also be a habitational name from one of the many places with castillo in their name. Castillo is the 25th most common Hispanic surname. Surname Origin:  Spanish Alternate Surname Spellings:  CASTILLA, CASTILLOS, CASTEL, CASTELLO, CASTEEL, CASTILLO, CASTELA, CASTILLE, CASTIGLIONI, CASTIGLIONE, CASTILLION Famous People with the Surname CASTILLO Frank Castillo - American professional baseball playerOtto Renà © Castillo - Guatemalan poet and revolutionaryRandy Castillo - American rock drummer (best known as Ozzy Osbournes drummer) Where is the CASTILLO Surname Most Common? Castillo is the 232nd most common surname in the world, according to surname distribution data from Forebears. It is a prevalent name in many Spanish-speaking countries, including Mexico (the 25th most common last name), Venezuela (14th), Peru (18th), Guatemala (11th), Dominican Republic (14th), Chile (19th), Ecuador (25th), and Spain (44th). WorldNames PublicProfiler  doesnt include data from as many countries but does include both Argentina and Spain, where the Castillo surname is very popular. In Spain, Castillo is found in the greatest numbers in the Cantabria region, followed by Andalucia, Castilla-La Mancha, and La Rioja. Castillo is also very prevalent in the Gran Chaco, Patagonia, and Argentine Northwest regions of Argentina. Genealogy Resources for the Surname CASTILLO Castillo  Family Crest - Its Not What You Think: Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Castillo  family crest or coat of arms for the Castillo surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.The Castillo DNA Project: Individuals with the Castillo surname are invited to join this DNA project in order to  work together to find their common Castillo ancestry through DNA testing and sharing of information.CASTILLO Family Genealogy Forum: This free message board is focused on the descendants of Castillo ancestors around the world. Search the forum for posts about your Castillo ancestors, or join the forum and post your own queries.  FamilySearch - CASTILLO Genealogy: Explore over 3 million  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Castillo surname on thi s free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. CASTILLO Surname Mailing List: A free mailing list for researchers of the Castillo surname and its variations includes subscription details and searchable archives of past messages.GeneaNet - Castillo Records: GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Castillo surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries.The Castillo Genealogy and Family Tree Page: Browse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Castillo surname from the website of Genealogy Today.Ancestry.com: Castillo Surname: Explore over 3.5  million digitized records and database entries, including census records, passenger lists, military records, land deeds, probates, wills and other records for the Castillo surname on the subscription-based website, Ancestry.com. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to  Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Understanding the Wuthering Heights Title

Understanding the Wuthering Heights Title Wuthering Heights is a great title! It sounds Gothicit sets the mood for one of the most dramatic and tragic love stories in literary history. But, what is the significance of the title? Why is it important? How does it relate to the setting or characterization? The title of the novel is also the name of the Yorkshire family estate, located on the moors, but Emily Bronte appears to have used the title to imbue the text with a feeling of dark foreboding. She carefully created the mood of the novel and placed her characters on the wild moors. Other reasons for the title: Wutheringmeaning quite literally windy or blusterysets the scene for the volatile, often-stormy-passionate relationships in the novel, but it also sets the stage with the feeling of isolation and mystery.The setting is based on the Elizabethan farmhouse, Top Withens (or Top Within), located near Haworth, West Yorkshire, England. Heres more information (photos, description, etc.), from Haworth Village.In Ch 1 of the novel, we read: Wuthering Heights is the name of Mr. Heathcliffs dwelling. Wuthering being a significant provincial adjective, descriptive of the atmospheric tumult to which its station is exposed in stormy weather. Pure, bracing ventilation they must have up there at all times, indeed: one may guess the power of the north wind blowing over the edge, by the excessive slant of a few stunted firs at the end of the house; and by a range of gaunt thorns all stretching their limbs one way, as if craving alms of the sun. Happily, the architect had the foresight to build it stron g: the narrow windows are deeply set in the wall, and the corners defended with large jutting stones. In the Preface, we read: It is rustic all through. It is Moorish  and wild, and knotty as a root of heath. Nor was it natural that it should be otherwise; the author being herself a native and nursling of the moors. Doubtless, had her lot been cast in a town, her writings, if she had written at all, would have possessed another character. Even had a chance or taste led her to choose a similar subject, she would have treated it otherwise... her native hills were far more to her than a spectacle; they were what she lived for, and by, as much as the wild birds, their tenants, or as the heather, their produce. Her descriptions, then, of natural scenery are what they should be, and all they should be.We also read in the Preface: Having avowed that over much of Wuthering Heights there broods a horror of great darkness; that, in its storm-heated and electrical atmosphere, we seem at times to breathe lightning: let me point to those spots where clouded daylight and the eclipsed sun still a ttest their existence. The setting of the placeso dark moody and stormyalso sets the perfect stage for her obstinate lovers, who carry on such a tumultuous relationship. And, with ghostly visitations, and multiple generations in the mix, its all a mess of supernatural portents and mad passions. (We could almost recollect a Shakespearean tragedy.) Every relationship is charged... The landscape is the personification of the turmoil experienced by the characters of Wuthering Heights. Also, the raw, even (what has been described as) animalistic passions of the novel reminds us once again of the long and controversial history of the novel.

Legal and Financial Structure of Project Finance in India Essay

Legal and Financial Structure of Project Finance in India - Essay Example This paper further discusses several aspects of investment risks in India, and points out how investors can implement certain useful techniques. Finally, it offers some suggestions to overcome these challenges. Keywords: Investment, Project Finance, Investment in India, Public-Private-Partnership. Introduction: The long term financing of various types of infrastructure, industrial and public service projects are usually referred to project finance. In recent times, it has funded many large-scale natural resource projects as well as a number of high-profile corporate projects. However, similar type of financing scheme is recorded in the history of ancient Greece and Rome, the modern trend of project finance developed in last forty years. Basically this is an innovative and timely financing system. The non-recourse or limited recourse loans of project finance are mainly based upon the estimated cash flow of the project. â€Å"The key to project finance is in the precise forecasting of cash flows† (Ghersiy, 5). The assets, rights and interests of project secure the loan amount in such cases of debt. And repayment of loan exclusively depends on project’s cash flow. The balance sheet and creditworthiness of the project sponsors are secondary in it. Unlike conventional financing methods, project financing is unique. Since project financing enhances the values of some of these projects by permitting higher optimal leverage than with conventional financing.... The borrowing party has limited liability in some risky and expensive projects. Such cases are secured by a surety from sponsors. Therefore this is also known as limited recourse financing. There are many huge industrial and infrastructural projects, as already carried out successfully for certain types of project i.e. infrastructure development, mining, highways, railways, pipelines, power stations, etc. By the end of previous millennium, the private share alone in infrastructure investment varied between the lows of 9% and 13% in Germany and France and the extreme highs of 47% and 71% in the US and Great Britain, respectively (Miller & Lessard, 67). In fact, the projects that require non-recourse project financing would require significant contractual framework (Singh, 19). Moreover, the securities and borrowings are designed to be serviced and redeemed exclusively from the cash flow in non-recourse project finance. Whereas, the project sponsors or government provide undertakings t o an effect that coerce them to supplement the cash flow under assured limited conditions in limited recourse project finance. Generally, project financing is not designed for already running business rather for the large-scale innovative initiatives. Often it involves the creation of a legally independent project company financed with equity from one or more sponsoring firms and non-recourse debt for the purpose of investing in a capital asset (Esty, 213). The design of project finance is indicated in the following diagram. Figure: Project Finance Structure Source: The Institute for Public Private Partnership (Powell, 19) In present scenario, project financing emerged as an alternative to conventional financing over the world,